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Tibet (; , ; ) is a region on the Tibetan Plateau in Asia northeast of the Himalayas. It is the traditional homeland of the Tibetan people as well as some other ethnic groups such as Monpa, Qiang and Lhoba peoples and is now also inhabited by considerable numbers of Han Chinese and Hui people. Tibet is the highest region on Earth, with an average elevation of . The highest elevation in Tibet is Mount Everest, earth's highest mountain rising 8,848 m (29,029 ft) above sea level. The Tibetan Empire emerged in the 7th century, but with the fall of the empire the region soon divided into a variety of territories. The bulk of western and central Tibet (Ü-Tsang) was often at least nominally unified under a series of Tibetan governments in Lhasa, Shigatse, or nearby locations; these governments were at various times under Mongol and Chinese overlordship. The eastern regions of Kham and Amdo often maintained a more decentralized indigenous political structure, being divided among a number of small principalities and tribal groups, while also often falling more directly under Chinese rule after the Battle of Chamdo; most of this area was eventually incorporated into the Chinese provinces of Sichuan and Qinghai. The current borders of Tibet were generally established in the 18th century.〔Goldstein, Melvyn, C.,''Change, Conflict and Continuity among a Community of Nomadic Pastoralist: A Case Study from Western Tibet, 1950–1990'', 1994, What is Tibet? – Fact and Fancy, pp76-87〕 Following the Xinhai Revolution against the Qing dynasty in 1912, Qing soldiers were disarmed and escorted out of Tibet Area (Ü-Tsang). The region subsequently declared its independence in 1913 without recognition by the subsequent Chinese Republican government.〔Clark, Gregory, "''In fear of China''", 1969, saying: ' ''Tibet, although enjoying independence at certain periods of its history, had never been recognised by any single foreign power as an independent state. The closest it has ever come to such recognition was the British formula of 1943: suzerainty, combined with autonomy and the right to enter into diplomatic relations.'' '〕 Later, Lhasa took control of the western part of Xikang, China. The region maintained its autonomy until 1951 when, following the Battle of Chamdo, Tibet became incorporated into the People's Republic of China, and the previous Tibetan government was abolished in 1959 after a failed uprising. Today, China governs western and central Tibet as the Tibet Autonomous Region while the eastern areas are now mostly ethnic autonomous prefectures within Sichuan, Qinghai and other neighbouring provinces. There are tensions regarding Tibet's political status and dissident groups that are active in exile. It is also said that Tibetan activists in Tibet have been arrested or tortured.〔(China Adds to Security Forces in Tibet Amid Calls for a Boycott )〕 The economy of Tibet is dominated by subsistence agriculture, though tourism has become a growing industry in recent decades. The dominant religion in Tibet is Tibetan Buddhism; in addition there is Bön, which is similar to Tibetan Buddhism, and there are also Tibetan Muslims and Christian minorities. Tibetan Buddhism is a primary influence on the art, music, and festivals of the region. Tibetan architecture reflects Chinese and Indian influences. Staple foods in Tibet are roasted barley, yak meat, and butter tea. == Names == (詳細はTibetan name for their land, ''Bod'' , means "Tibet" or "Tibetan Plateau", although it originally meant the central region around Lhasa, now known in Tibetan as Ü. The Standard Tibetan pronunciation of ''Bod'', (:pʰøʔ˨˧˨), is transcribed ''Bhö'' in Tournadre Phonetic Transcription, ''Bö'' in the THL Simplified Phonetic Transcription and ''Poi'' in Tibetan pinyin. Some scholars believe the first written reference to ''Bod'' "Tibet" was the ancient ''Bautai'' people recorded in the Egyptian Greek works ''Periplus of the Erythraean Sea'' (1st century CE) and ''Geographia'' (Ptolemy, 2nd century CE),〔Beckwith (1987), pg. 7〕 itself from the Sanskrit form ''Bhauṭṭa'' of the Indian geographical tradition.〔Étienne de la Vaissière, "The Triple System of Orography in Ptolemy's Xinjiang", ''Exegisti Monumenta: Festschrif in Honour of Nicholas Sims-Williams'', eds. Werner Sundermann, Almut Hintze & François de Blois (Wiesbaden, Germany: Harrassowitz, 2009), 532.〕 The modern Standard Chinese exonym for the ethnic Tibetan region is ''Zangqu'' (), which derives by metonymy from the Tsang region around Shigatse plus the addition of a Chinese suffix, 区 ''qū'', which means "area, district, region, ward". Tibetan people, language, and culture, regardless of where they are from, are referred to as ''Zang'' () although the geographical term ''Xīzàng'' is often limited to the Tibet Autonomous Region. The term ''Xīzàng'' was coined during the Qing dynasty in the reign of the Jiaqing Emperor (1796–1820) through the addition of a prefix meaning "west" (西 ''xī'') to ''Zang''. The best-known medieval Chinese name for Tibet is ''Tubo'' ( also written as or ; or ). This name first appears in Chinese characters as in the 7th century (Li Tai) and as in the 10th-century (''Old Book of Tang'' describing 608–609 emissaries from Tibetan King Namri Songtsen to Emperor Yang of Sui). In the Middle Chinese spoken during that period, as reconstructed by William H. Baxter, was pronounced ''thu-phjon'' and was pronounced ''thu-pjon'' (with the representing tone). Other pre-modern Chinese names for Tibet include ''Wusiguo'' (; cf. Tibetan ''dbus'', Ü, (:wyʔ˨˧˨)), ''Wusizang'' (, cf. Tibetan ''dbus-gtsang'', Ü-Tsang), ''Tubote'' (), and ''Tanggute'' (, cf. Tangut). American Tibetologist Elliot Sperling has argued in favor of a recent tendency by some authors writing in Chinese to revive the term ''Tubote'' () for modern use in place of ''Xizang'', on the grounds that ''Tubote'' more clearly includes the entire Tibetan plateau rather than simply the Tibet Autonomous Region. The English word ''Tibet'' or ''Thibet'' dates back to the 18th century.〔The word "Tibet" was used in the context of the first British mission to this country under George Bogle in 1774. See Clements R. Markham (ede.): ''Narratives of the Mission of George Bogle to Tibet and the Journey of Thomas Manning to Lhasa'', reprinted by Manjushri Publishing House, New Delhi, 1971 (first published in 1876)〕 Historical linguists generally agree that "Tibet" names in European languages are loanwords from Semitic ' or' () (), itself deriving from Turkic ', literally: "The Heights" (plural of ').〔Behr, Wolfgang, (1994). "Stephan V. Beyer ''The Classical Tibetan Language'' (book review)", ''Oriens'' 34, (pp. 558–559 )〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Tibet」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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